IS it a surprise that every revolutionary party on the continent is eager to engage and share notes with Zimbabwe’s ruling revolutionary Party, ZANU PF? The enduring dominance of revolutionary parties in Africa has defied expectations of their decline, illustrating their ability to adapt and remain relevant.
Zimbabwe’s ZANU PF, alongside Mozambique’s FRELIMO, Namibia’s SWAPO and South Africa’s ANC exemplify this enduring dominance and strength as they continue to win polls in their respective countries. Dismissed as relics of the past, these parties have transitioned from liberation movements to political powerhouses, not through coercion but by responding to their electorates’ needs in ways opposition parties have failed to match. And Zimbabwe’s ZANU PF is arguably the most successful of those revolutionary parties, especially considering it is the only one that has successfully implemented a working and thriving land reform programme. And during every election cycle, ZANU PF has comfortably won. And it’s no wonder that fellow revolutionary parties have trooped to Zimbabwe to share notes. Let us go back in time, back to 2013, in the First Republic.
In Zimbabwe’s 2013 elections, ZANU PF showcased its ability to craft a message that resonated with the people. The campaign slogan, ’Bhora Mugedhi’, became a mantra for continuity, empowerment and deliverables. It was simple, relatable and effective, encapsulating promises of land redistribution, f inancial support and policies aimed at empowering urban and rural communities alike. Tendai Biti, an opposition stalwart, candidly observed that even in remote areas, people easily grasped ZANU PF’s message, underscoring its potency. In contrast, the MDC’s economic blueprint JUICE (Jobs, Upliftment, Investment Capital and Environment), was too complex for broad appeal. Its emphasis on systemic reforms lacked the immediate appeal of ZANU PF’s practical assurances, alienating voters focused on their daily struggles. This disconnect exemplified a broader pattern of opposition missteps.
Formed in 1999, the MDC initially drew strength from Zimbabwe’s labour movement and formal workforce. However, by 2013, with over 50 percent of Zimbabweans engaged in informal employment, the political economy had shifted. ZANU PF adapted, focusing on policies that directly addressed this demography, such as land redistribution and youth empowerment. The MDC, however, failed to recalibrate its approach, clinging to outdated paradigms and abstract ideals that did not resonate with a population grappling with food insecurity and economic hardship. ZANU PF’s ability to connect with voters was not accidental. Its revolutionary legacy played a crucial role in maintaining loyalty, particularly among rural voters who saw land reform as a symbol of empowerment and sovereignty. These policies and programmes solidified ZANU PF’s image as a party delivering tangibles.
The MDC’s emphasis on ‘democracy’ and ‘systemic change’, lacked immediacy and relatability. The party struggled to bridge the gap between its lofty ideals and the electorate’s day-to-day realities. Internal division further weakened the opposition. Leadership clashes and infighting painted the MDC as chaotic and incoherent, starkly contrasting to ZANU PF’s unity during election cycles. Although ZANU PF also grappled with factionalism, it managed to steady its ship, projected stability and decisiveness when it mattered most. This sense of unity, coupled with its pragmatic messaging, reinforced its reputation as a reliable force in uncertain times.
The opposition’s inability to present a united front only deepened public scepticism about its capacity to govern. Fast forward to 2017.With the ushering in of the Second Republic in November 2017 under the leadership of President Emmerson Mnangagwa, ZANU PF reaffirmed its position as a party of action, delivering life-transforming policies and initiatives that address pressing socio-economic challenges. The party has emphasised a pragmatic and results-driven approach, focusing on economic reform, infrastructure development and enhanced citizen welfare. A cornerstone of the Second Republic’s achievements is the implementation of comprehensive economic reforms aimed at stabilising the economy and fostering growth.
The unveiling of the Transitional Stabilisation Programme (TSP) in 2018 laid the groundwork for macro-economic stability by addressing inflation, reducing fiscal deficits and promoting transparency in Government expenditure. Building on this foundation, the subsequent National Development Strategy 1 (NDS1) focuses on transforming Zimbabwe into an upper-middle income economy. Under the Second Republic, the agricultural sector — a critical pillar of Zimbabwe’s economy — has received substantial investment and support. The Pfumvudza/Intwasa Programme has revitalised smallholder farming, equipping farmers with inputs, training and techniques to improve productivity. As a result, the country has experienced record harvests in staple crops such as maize and wheat. Infrastructure development has been a hallmark of ZANU PF’s delivery in the Second Republic.
The Government has prioritised roads, energy and water infrastructure as catalysts for national development. Major road rehabilitation projects, such as the Beitbridge-Harare-Chirundu Highway, have improved transportation networks, facilitating trade and economic integration within the region. Investment in power generation, including the expansion of the Hwange Thermal Power Station, aim to address energy deficits and boost industrial productivity. Water resource management has also seen significant progress, with projects like the Gwayi-Shangani Dam and the Marondera Water Augmentation Scheme improving water access for communities and industries. These initiatives demonstrate a commitment to meeting the needs of citizens while promoting sustainable development. Zimbabwe’s mining sector continues to be a significant contributor to the national economy, with the Second Republic taking steps to attract investment and maximise returns. Policy reforms, including the setting up of the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (ZIDA), have enhanced the ease of doing business, encouraging both local and international investors. The mining of lithium, gold and platinum has expanded, reinforcing Zimbabwe’s position as a key player in the global resource market.
Industrialisation is another focus area, with the Government promoting value addition and beneficiation in mining and agriculture. By processing raw materials domestically, Zimbabwe is moving towards a diversified economy with greater export earnings and job creation. The Second Republic has prioritised the welfare of Zimbabweans through improved healthcare, education and housing initiatives. Significant investments in healthcare infrastructure, including the construction and refurbishment of clinics and hospitals, have improved service delivery. Efforts to enhance access to education, especially in rural areas, demonstrate ZANU PF’s commitment to inclusivity. Additionally, the Government’s housing programmes have addressed urbanisation challenges by providing affordable housing units for low-income families. These initiatives are evidence of a leadership focused on improving living standards.
Despite global challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and economic sanctions, ZANU PF has maintained its resolve to deliver tangible benefits to the people of Zimbabwe. The Government’s emphasis on innovation, resilience and self-reliance reflects its determination to overcome obstacles and build a prosperous nation. ZANU PF’s Second Republic has demonstrated a clear focus on delivering results in key areas of governance and development.
Through economic reforms, infrastructure development and social services, the party has reaffirmed its commitment to transforming Zimbabwe into a thriving, self-reliant nation. Hence, it is not surprising that ZANU PF’s achievements have captured the attention of other revolutionary parties. Its ability to adapt to evolving socio-economic dynamics while staying true to its foundational principles of liberation, sovereignty and people-centered governance is serving as a valuable blueprint for other parties navigating the challenges of contemporary politics.
By focusing on uplifting smallholder farmers, fostering industrial growth and expanding access to essential services, the party has demonstrated how revolutionary principles can translate into tangible outcomes for ordinary citizens. This pragmatic focus on delivery has enabled ZANU PF to address historical inequities while paving the way for sustainable development, a challenge many revolutionary parties face in post-colonial contexts.
Furthermore, the party’s success in the face of adversity, including sanctions and global economic shocks, have proven the importance of self-reliance and innovative policymaking. ZANU PF’s ability to turn challenges into opportunities exemplifies a strategic mindset that many revolutionary parties would benefit from emulating.
In a world increasingly shaped by geopolitical shifts and economic complexities, ZANU PF’s experience offers critical lessons in governance, adaptability and perseverance. Revolutionary parties aiming to secure lasting progress for their nations see benefits from plucking a leaf off ZANU PF’s enduring legacy of action and delivery.
Zanu PF has shown that success requires not only a vision for the future but also tangible solutions that address the present. To challenge the revolutionary party’s dominance, opposition movements have failed to move beyond rhetoric and division; they have not been able to craft strategies that resonate with the lived experiences of the people they aspire to lead. ZANU PF has successfully navigated the challenges of governance and electoral competition by evolving with the times, connecting with voters and delivering on its promises.
ZANU PF has thrived not in isolation but through its ability to respond to the needs of its constituencies, while the failures of its adversaries have reinforced its strength.